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 Greenhouse Gas Emission Policies: Impact on Agriculture

Table of Contents

• Credits
  • Disclaimer
• EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
  • Objectives , Government Policies on GHGs
• REVIEW OF NZ AND IPCC SCENARIOS FOR GHG EMISSIONS
  • COSTS AND BENEFITS TO AGRICULTURE , Cost Increases from Energy Taxes , SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS , AGRICULTURAL METHANE EMISSIONS , Methane in Terms of CO₂ Equivalents , Options for Reducing Methane Emissions , Future Monitoring and Data Requirements
• GOVERNMENT POLICIES FOR REDUCTIONS IN GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
  • 1.1 INTRODUCTION , 1.2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND OBJECTIVES , 1.3 STUDY OUTLINE , 1.4 GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON GREENHOUSE GASES ,
• CLIMATE CHANGE & AGRICULTURE
  • 2.1 REVIEW OF NEW ZEALAND AND IPCC SCENARIOS FOR GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS , 2.1.1 Greenhouse Gas Emission Scenarios , Table 2.1 Summary statistics for IPCC scenario IS92a , 2.1.2 Predictions of Climate Change , 2.1.3 International Policy Issues , 2.1.4 Combining Greenhouse Gases - The Global Warming Potential Issue , Table 2.2 Direct GWPs for agriculturally important greenhouse gases , 2.2 REVIEW OF AGRICULTURAL SOURCES AND SINKS OF CO₂ , _, 2.2.1 Methodology , 2.2.2 Agricultural Sources of CO₂ , _, Table 2.3 Emission factors for liquid fuel use , 2.2.3 Agricultural CO₂ Sinks
• COSTS AND BENEFITS TO AGRICULTURE OF GHG EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS POLICIES
  • 3.1 THEORETICAL ISSUES
  • 3.2 POLICY INSTRUMENTS
  • 3.3 QUANTITATIVE IMPACTS ON NZ AGRICULTURE (15% REDUCTION IN CO₂ EMISSIONS)
  • 3.4 QUANTITATIVE IMPACTS ON NZ AGRICULTURE (35% REDUCTION IN C02 EMISSIONS)
  • 3.5 ANALYSIS OF ENERGY TAXES
    • Table 3.1 ENERGY INPUTS INTO GROSS AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION
    • Table 3.3 INITIAL IMPACT OF 10% ENERGY PRICE INCREASE
  • 3.6 SEQUESTRATION OF CARBON BY PLANTATION FORESTRY
    • 3.6.1 Forestry on Farm Land , 3.6.2 New Plantings , 3.6.3 Sequestration of CO₂ , _, 3.6.4 Impact on Farming , Table 3.4 CARBON SEQUESTRATION AND METHANE REDUCTION FROM NEW PINE PLANTINGS ON PASTURE , 3.6.5 Scenario 1: 1009000 ha pa Planting Rate , 3.6.6 Scenario 2: 40,000 ha pa Planting Rate , 3.6.7 Scenario 3: 70,000 ha pa Planting Rate , 3.6.8 Pine Trees Offer Medium Term Solution , 3.6.9 Breathing Space Provided
  • 3.7 ENERGY FARMING
    • 3.7.1 Ethanol as a Transport Fuel , 3.7.2 Technical & Economic Aspects of Energy Farming , 3.7.3 Review of Energy Farming , 3.7.4 Alcohol Fermentation & Anaerobic Digestion , 3.7.5 Small Scale Ethanol Plants , 3.7.6 Potential for Energy Farming in the Waikato , 3.7.7 Farm Scale Ethanol in Canterbury , 3.7.8 Large Scale Ethanol Factory , 3.7.9 Commercial Scale Ethanol in the Waikato , 3.7.10 Energy Farming Unlikely to be Financially Viable
  • 3.8 FARM WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • 3.8.1 Lack of Information , 3.8.2 Effluent Ponds Under Scrutiny , 3.8.3 Farms Don't Meet Resource Management Act Standards , 3.8.4 International and Local Pressure
• SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
  • 4.1 PROLOGUE
    • 4.1.1 Background , 4.1.2 Assessment of Effects
  • 4.2 NEW ACTIONS
    • 4.2.1 CEO Performance Agreements , 4.2.2 Clarification of Section 140 of the Resource Management Act , 4.2.3 Resolution of Specific Barriers to Energy Efficiency in the Public Sector , 4.2.4 Energy Efficient Standards & Labelling on Domestic Appliances & Vehicles , 4.2.5 CO₂ Partnership Programme , 4.2.6 East Coast Forest Project
  • 4.3 ACTIONS ALREADY COMMITTED
    • 4.3.1 Regional Transport Strategies , 4.3.2 Regional Petrol Tax , 4.3.3 Transit NZ Funding Directive , 4.3.4 Tougher Speed Limit Enforcement , 4.3.5 Publicity on Driving to Reduce Fuel Use , 4.3.6 RMA Guidelines on Climate Change , 4.3.7 Electricity Industry Reforms , 4.3.8 Land Transport Pricing Study , 4.3.9 Removal of Impediments to Private Sector Forestry , 4.3.10 Revegetation and Pest Protection , 4.3.11 Private Sector Forestry
  • 4.4 INVESTIGATION OF LEAST-COST MEASURES FOR FURTHER GHG REDUCTIONS
    • 4.4.1 Energy Pricing , 4.4.2 Evaluation of Carbon Taxes, Duties & Energy Taxes, etc , 4.4.3 Further Carbon Sink Enhancement
  • 4.5 Acquisition & Analysis Of Data For Monitoring Progress On Emissions
  • 4.6 SUMMARY
• METHANE AND AGRICULTURE
  • 5.1 AGRICULTURAL METHANE EMISSIONS
    • 5.1.1. New Zealand and global methane emissions , Table 5.1 COMPARISON OF ESTIMATED NEW ZEALAND AND GLOBAL METHANE SOURCE INVENTORIES , 5.1.2. Methane from New Zealand livestock
  • 5.2 COMBINING METHANE AND OTHER GREENHOUSE GASES
  • 5-3 OPTIONS FOR REDUCTION OF METHANE EMISSIONS
  • 5.4 AGRO-FORESTRY IMPLICATIONS FOR METHANE EMISSIONS
  • 5.5 FUTURE MONITORING AND DATA REQUIREMENTS
  • 5.6 SUMMARY OF SCIENTIFIC ASPECTS
  • 5.7 The Social Implications Of Policies And Measures Related To The Reduction Methane Emissions
• APPENDIX I - NEW ZEALAND GOVERNMENT CO₂ REDUCTION ACTION PROGRAMME
• Appendix II - Theoretical Issues In Assessing Economic Costs And Benefits Of The Greenhouse Effect
  • GHGs a Public Externality , Risk and Uncertainty , The 'Free Rider' Problem and Equity , Conceptual Framework , Discount rate , Negative Discounting, Risk and Time Preference , Valuing Non-Market Costs
• Appendix III - Assessment of GHG Reduction Policies on Australian Agriculture
  • Specification of the Model , Table A3.1 SELECTED OWN PRICE ELASTICITIES OF DEMAND , Costs to Agriculture of Reducing GHGs , Table A3.2 % CHANGES IN PRODUCTION, PRICE AND REVENUE FOR SELECTED COMMODITIES FOR A 20% REDUCTION IN CO₂ EMISSIONS , Technological Options for Reducing GHG Emissions
• Appendix V - On Farm Plantation Forestry
  • Background , New Zealand's Exotic Forests Plantations , Table A5.1 TRENDS IN NEW FOREST AREA PLANTED GROWTH OF NEW ZEALAND PLANTATION FOREST AREA , Table A5.2 Net Productive Forest Area By Ownership Category , Table A5.3 Area Of Plantations By Plantation Size Group As At 30 June 1991 , Regional Forest Resource and Wood Supply Projection , New Plantings On Farm
• Reference

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