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Farm Adjustment and Restructuring in the North Island Hill Country

MAF Technical Paper No: 2003/2

Prepared for MAF Policy by:

Tony Rhodes and Brian H. Willis (AgNew Zealand)
and
Willie Smith and Jude McCann (The University of Auckland)

ISBN No: 0-478-07734-3
ISSN No: 1171-4662

January 2003

Contents

• Disclaimer
• Executive Summary
• List of Figures
• List of Appendix Figures
• Chapter 1: Introduction and Methodology
• Chapter 2: The Changing Context
  • Introduction
  • Regional Perspectives
  • Background
    • Economic
    • Community
  • Agricultural Reform in a Global Market
    • The Removal of Subsidies
    • Issues of Scale
    • Asset Devaluation
    • Global Market Shifts
    • Expansion of the Dairy Industry
    • Alternative Enterprises
    • Non-Market Values and Institutional Change
      • Community Decline
      • Drought
    • Conclusion
  • Chapter 3: The Impediments to Restructuring
  • Chapter 4: The Off-Farm Impact of Change- Community Profiles
    • Community Structure and Relationships 
      • Social Indicators 
      • Economic Indicators 
      • Environmental indicators 
    • Significant Changes Identified in Taumarunui: 1980 - 2002 
      • Social 
      • Economic 
      • Infrastructure 
      • Farm-specific 
      • Identified Impediments to Development 
    • Significant Changes Identified in Wairoa: 1980 - 2002 
      • Social 
      • Economic 
      • Infrastructure 
      • Farm-Specific 
      • Identified Impediments to Development 
    • Significant Changes Identified in Tararua: 1980 - 2002 
      • Social 
      • Economic 
      • Infrastructure 
      • Farm-specific 
      • Identified Impediments to Development 
    • A tale of three Districts: a comparative analysis 
      • Size of the Labour Force 
      • Where People are Working 
      • Changes in the Workforce over Time 
      • Personal Income 
      • Household Income
      • Taumarunui/Wairoa Comparisons
  • Chapter 5: Conclusions
  • Bibliography and References
  • Appendix I: The nature and extent of restructuring as evidenced in land use 
  • Appendix II: Taumarunui: farming-community linkages 
  • Appendix III: Wairoa: farming-community linkages 
  • Appendix IV: Tararua: farming-community linkages 
  • Appendix V: Farmer of the Year Winners: question guidelines 
  • Appendix VI: Exit farmers: questionnaire 
  • Download as a PDF file [PDF  3.7M ]

  List of Figures

  • Figure 1: The Vortex Model: A Model for Change
  • Figure 2: Categorisation of Literature Regarding Impediments to Agricultural Change in New Zealand
  • Figure 3: Categorisation of Literature by Publishing Date and Nature of Impediments to Agricultural Change in New Zealand 
  • Figure 4: Categorisation Specific to North and South Island Hill Country, Dairy and Maori Case Studies
  • Figure 5: Literature Categorised by Publishing Dates
  • Figure 6: Challenges to Success
  • Figure 7: Incentives to Exit
  • Figure 8: Barriers to Exiting
  • Figure 9: Types of Farmer
  • Figure 10: A Model of Change
  • Figure 11: The Economic Relationship Between Risk and Return
  • Figure 12: Census Usually Resident Population Aged 15 Years and Over
  • Figure 13: Change in Status of Potential Labour Force (over 15 age group)
  • Figure 14: Relative Change in Labour Force Status between 1986 and 2001 (Base 1986=100)
  • Figure 15: Tararua 2001 -Labour Force Status of People Aged Over 15
  • Figure 16: Ruapehu -Labour Force Status of People Aged Over 15
  • Figure 17: Wairoa 2001 -Labour Force Status of People Aged Over 15
  • Figure 18: Tararua District 1998 -Total Workforce by Industry by Place of
  • Figure 19: Tararua District 1998 -Total Workforce by Industry
  • Figure 20: Ruapehu District 1998 -Total Workforce by Industry by Place of
  • Figure 21: Ruapehu District 1998 -Total Workforce by Industry
  • Figure 22: Wairoa District 1998 -Total Workforce by Industry by Place of
  • Figure 23: Wairoa District 1998 -Total Workforce by Industry
  • Figure 24: Number of Residents (Over 15 Years) by Industry of Employment -Tararua
  • Figure 25: Number of Residents (Over 15 Years) by Industry of Employment -Tararua
  • Figure 26: Number of Residents by Industry of Employment -Ruapehu
  • Figure 27: Number of Residents (Over 15 Years by Industry of Employment) -Ruapahu
  • Figure 28: Number of Residents by Industry of Employment -Wairoa
  • Figure 29: Area of Usual Residence and Total Personal Income by Status in Employment for Census Usually Resident Population Aged Over 15 Years, 1986-2001
  • Figure 30: Trends in Average Income by Category of Employment -2001
  • Figure 31: Average Household Income by District 2001 (with Average Number of People per Household Aged Over 15)
  • Figure 32: Township Proportion of each District
  • Figure 33: Population Change
  • Figure 34: Comparison Between Trends in Inflation and Rural Land Price

  List of Appendix Figures

  • Appendix Figure 1: Level of Transactions, 1996-2001
  • Appendix Figure 2: Transactions by Area for Type of Unit by District, 1996-2001
  • Appendix Figure 3: Transactions by Number for Type of Unit by District, 1996-2001
  • Appendix Figure 4: Types of Transaction by District (% of Transactions by Number)
  • Appendix Figure 5: Transactions of Dairy Land, 1996-2001
  • Appendix Figure 6: Type of Dairy Land Transaction -Tararua District
  • Appendix Figure 7: Pastoral Land Transactions, 1996-2001
  • Appendix Figure 8: Number of Pastoral Land Transactions by Type by District 
  • Appendix Figure 9: Pastoral Farm Profitability -Cash Farm Surplus, 1996-2002
  • Appendix Figure 10: Lifestyle Land Transactions, 1996-2001
  • Appendix Figure 11: Lifestyle Unit Transactions -Sales, 1996-2001
  • Appendix Figure 12: Value of Transactions -Total Sales, 1996-2001
  • Appendix Figure 13: Transactions of Forrest Land, 1996-2001
  • Appendix Figure 14: Tararua District -Forestry Transactions, 1996-2001
  • Appendix Figure 15: Ruapehu District -Forestry Transactions, 1996-2001
  • Appendix Figure 16: Wairoa District -Forestry Transactions, 1996-2001
  • Appendix Figure 17: Taumarunui Borough Population, 1981-2001
  • Appendix Figure 18: Taumarunui Borough Population -Age/Sex Distribution
  • Appendix Figure 19: Taumarunui Borough Population -Ethic Distribution
  • Appendix Figure 20: Taumarunui Borough: Employment Distribution, 1981-1996
  • Appendix Figure 21: Taumarunui Borough: Employment, 1981-2001
  • Appendix Figure 22: Taumarunui Hospital Restructuring, 1981-2000
  • Appendix Figure 23: Taumarunui Business Structure, 1982-2002
  • Appendix Figure 24: Ruapehu District Farming Statistics, 1981-2000
  • Appendix Figure 25: Wairoa Population, 1981-2001
  • Appendix Figure 26: Wairoa Age Distribution, 1981-1996
  • Appendix Figure 27: Wairoa Employment, 1981-2001
  • Appendix Figure 28: Wairoa Hospital Restructuring, 1981-2000
  • Appendix Figure 29: Wairoa District Business Structure
  • Appendix Figure 30: Wairoa District Farming Statistics, 1981-2001
  • Appendix Figure 31: Tararua District Population, 1981-2001
  • Appendix Figure 32: Tararua Labour Force, 1981-2001

  Contact for Enquiries

  Rural Affairs Coordinator
  Sector Performance Policy
  MAF Policy
  Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry
  PO Box 2526
  Wellington
  NEW ZEALAND
  
  Phone: +64 4 894 0675
  Fax: +64 4 4 894 0745
  Contact this person