ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY - JOURNAL ARTICLES
Abbis, J.E. (1985). 'Private Forestry: Planning Conflicts', in New Zealand Geography Society Conference Proceedings Series Number 13, A Magee & L Chalmers (eds), Hamilton, August 1985.
Private Forestry is one of several land use patterns in New Zealand which has received attention because it brought into conflict the economic and social interest of rural land uses which required resolution by those responsible for regulating rural land use. This paper investigates the planning response to land use conflict generated by private exotic forestry in New Zealand and briefly reviews the establishment of exotic forestry in New Zealand, and its impacts on rural communities.
The paper provides an overview of the development of forestry, and concentrates on the problems arising from private forestry development in particular. The focus of the article is planning concentrated. Investigates negative impacts of Forestry development on rural communities in light of the intrinsic nature of capitalism.
Aldwell, P.H.B. and Whyte, J.B. (1984). 'Impact of Forestry Sector Growth in Bruce
County', New Zealand Journal of Forestry, 29(2), pp269-295.
The article identifies changes from agriculture to forestry and the effects this has on expenditure etc.
Allen, J.D. and Walker, J.C.F (1989). 'Forestry; in search of a beginning', New New Zealand Journal of Forestry, 34(2), pp 4-7.
Social and economic impacts are not discussed, however, it provides an excellent overview of the forestry industry, where it is going, and in which areas it is expanding.
Burns, C. (1981). 'Some Environmental Implications of Future Exotic Forestry', in New Zealand Geographical Society Proceedings Number 11, Wellington, August 1981
This paper is based on a paper presented by the author at the Forestry Development Conference in March 1981. It updates that paper in light of the findings of the Working Parties which were set up to consider the problems and issues raised at that conference. With the growing opportunity for exotic afforestation in New Zealand, concern has been raised that the environmental implications of planting, growing and harvesting Forestry are not being discussed adequately. This paper briefly outlines some of these environmental implications, and groups them into five categories; hydrological, land stability, soil erosion and soil quality, aesthetic and wildlife. Emphasis is placed on achieving greater understanding of environmental issues through more research and due regard being given to issues of local land use, topography, soil type, recreation, and visual impact. In particular emphasis is placed on developing national guide-lines to avoid extensive environmental impact, which could be included in a as-yet undeveloped Exotic Forestry Policy.
Chapman, B.T. (1984). 'Threats and Promises: The Otago-Southland Forestry opportunities study', Planning Quarterly 76, pp7-8.
Forestry is not a major industry in Otago and Southland, but has great potential as an area for future large afforestation. This paper briefly outlines the positive and perceived negative benefits of Forestry that could occur if forestry went ahead. Local governments in these regions are keen to recognise the positive benefits of afforestation. Consequently, the focus of the paper is on a study being done by the Clutha-Central Otago United Council Forestry Committee to identify and evaluate the opportunities for forestry to contribute to the regions social and economic development.
Edmonds, K. (1981). 'The Forestry Debate', People and Planning 20, pp7-8.
Local councils have responded to the conflict between forestry and farming by blocking Forestry under the District Planning Scheme. In 1981 an increasing number of District schemes are confining forestry to a 'conditional' use, imposing restrictions on its development or prohibiting it altogether. This paper examines these District Council responses and concludes that these controls appear to be based on arbitrary judgements rather than substantial justification. There is a need for change in attitudes and institutional responses if New Zealand is to fully utilise its Forestry potential. The 1981 Forestry Conference concluded that Forestry and Farming can be complementary uses, and that this should be reflected in Regional and District schemes. The paper provides a good overview of reasons behind the farm-forestry conflict and a brief investigation of social and economic impacts. Predominantly deals with local government response to the conflict. Edmonds believes that policies should be flexible enough to allow both forestry and farming to occur.
Fairgrey, J.D.M. (1983). 'The Forest Resource; options and opportunities', People and Planning, 25, pp l1-13.
There is a section on social impact. Outlines small-scale forestry as a way to mitigate adverse social impacts.
Farnsworth, M.C. (1983). 'The Social Impact of Forestry Development in Northland', New Zealand Journal of Forestry 28(2), pp24&254.
This article summarises many of the articles of the early 1980s and places them in the context of the Farming/Forestry land use debate. It is suggested that by 1983 few studies closely examining the issues had been instigated. This outlines the impact of 12 years of forest development on the Pouto Peninsula. Farnsworth calls for more studies to be done.
Fletcher, J.R. (1984) 'Pastoral land-horticulture and forestry as competing land uses', New Zealand Agricultural Science 18(3), pp164-167.
In recent years horticulture and forestry have become viable alternatives to pastoral farming in many areas of New Zealand. This trend is expected to continue at the present rate into the next decade. Exotic Forestry, which is expected to increase in area of 30% to 1.3 million hectares by 1990, could produce 20-25% of our exports by the year 2000. Horticultural experts could be earning $1000 million by 1990, a four fold increase from 1982. This paper discusses where the expansion of horticulture and forestry is most likely to impinge on existing pastoral land. The Land Use Capability (LUC) concept is used throughout the papers as a land resource base for discussing land use trends. Social and economic factors are not discussed.
Grant, R.K. (1979). 'Managing the regional impact of Forest Development Programmes', New Zealand Journal of Forestry, 24(1), pp l98-204.
Discusses the positive social benefits of forestry development and suggests that most exotic forestry development are not economically viable without these social benefits. Social benefits include employment and income benefits to the local communities. (Northland examples are used to illustrate.) Negative impacts on communities values etc. not discussed.
Grieg, P.J. (1979). 'Social and Economic Consequences of Intensive Forestry' in New Zealand Geography Conference Proceedings Series Number 10, Moran, W, Hosking, P. and Aitken, G. (eds). Auckland, January 1979.
This paper attempts to identify and quantify the social and economic consequences of developing plantation forestry in comparison to native hardwood forestry. It is based on an analysis of relevant statistics for the states of Victoria and South Australia. The social and economic consequences are categorised initially according to the recipients, namely wood manufacturing firms, their employees, forest growers and the community. The results indicate that industries based on plantation softwoods tend to be larger and more concentrated, to have lower production costs, greater labour efficiency and higher average wages than those based on native hardwoods. However, the increased output of softwoods does not appear to be generating sufficient extra employment to offset the reduction in jobs caused by greater labour efficiency. Thus the softwood-based industries tend to contribute less to community employment and workers incomes than the hardwood-based industry. They do however provide a larger share of jobs for white-collar workers and women than the hardwood based industries.
Johnson, S.F. and Whyte, A.G.D. 'Strategic Planning for the Forest Industry in North Canterbury, New Zealand', New Zealand Geographer, 48(1), pp24-25.
This paper describes the use of mathematical programming model system to determine the optimal industrial structure for wood-processing plants in North Canterbury over a 28 year planning horizon. The analysis is intended to assist decision-makers in the industry with their choice of potential investments in plant and machinery, in planning an appropriate forest harvest schedule and in marketing or purchasing forest resources.
Le Heron, R.B. and Roche, MM. (1985). 'Expanding exotic forestry and the extension of a competing use for rural land in New Zealand', Journal of Rural Studies' 1(3), pp2l 1-229.
Places the social and economic impact of Forestry within the capitalistic process of production and accumulation. Recommended reading as provides a good overview. A good overview of why social and economic impacts occur.
Meister, A.D. and Fowler, D.E. (1984). 'Planning Limitations on Forestry', People and Planning, 31, pp l3-15.
Reviews the way in which forestry development was severely limited in the early 1980s by planning constraints, and the way in which these constraints could be alleviated.
Meister, AD. (1986). 'Forestry. It's only tallgrass, why be afraid of it?' The New Zealand Values, 27(2).
A very light-hearted look at the farmers view of Forestry. However, also outlines in some detail the impacts of forestry, both positive and negative.
Meister, A.D. (1987). 'More market; Planning; Forestry and farming?', New Zealand Forestry, 32 (1). pp 28-31
The allocation of land between farming and forestry has been the cause of many conflicts. On the one hand there are those wanting a freer 'let the market decide' approach, while on the other hand there are people who see the need for planning controls to achieve objectives other than economic,
In this paper, these two approaches are discussed in light of historic developments and current government policies. The paper concludes that while there is room for market forces in the rural land market, control is still required in some cases. In the future, there should be less antagonism and a better opportunity for using land for the most appropriate purpose. This is being facilitated by the changing attitudes of foresters, farmers and local government councillors. It would also be helped by correction to deficiencies in the Town and Country Planning Act The new Ministry for the Environment could also help to remove the conflict by setting guide-lines and providing information on how to deal with socio-economic and environmental impacts.
The article does summarise social and economic impacts. It suggests that the negative impacts of forestry were primarily in the early years of the Forestry boom, when Forestry companies showed little concern for impact assessment. As a result these impacts created the negative attitudes which created strong laws against the expansion of Forestry. The negative impacts of Forestry development are decreasing now that they are being planned for. As a result, rural attitudes need to change as positive benefits become more prevalent, and more Forestry welcomed.
Nuttall R.E. (1981). 'The impact of Exotic Forestry on Maori Land in Northland; a point of View'. New Zealand Journal of Forestry, 26 (1), pp l12-117.
One of few studies looking at effects on Maori communities. Most of the effects identified are the same as the impacts of any rural community. The paper also highlights the problems with forestry development; the Maori community doesn't have the expertise, finances etc. to develop forestry, but leasing the land for forestry results in alienation of the land for up to three generations. Often the Forestry development that has occurred has not met the long term needs of the people. This paper is based on a thesis prepared by Ruth Nuttall for the degree of M.A. in sociology from the University of Auckland.
Olsen, P.F. (1981). 'Forestry-a diversification of rural income', People and Planning 20, pp 9-10.
Forestry has expanded at a fast rate since the 1970s. However, most planners reactions have been negative or restrictive. This paper examines the attitudes of councillors and their ratepayer's to discover why Forestry is supported in some cases and rejected in others. The attitudes fall into tree headings; concerns over changes in land use, economic factors, and rural community effects. The attitude of NZ Forestry Owners Association is that the negative effects of Forestry development are mainly emotive and unsubstantiated.
Refutes the negative impacts of forestry and points out the positive benefits for the Community, both economically and socially. Cites a number of examples briefly where such benefits have occurred.
Salwasser, H. (1990). 'Gaining perspective: Forestry for the Future, "Being Caught in the Crossfire" is not a bad metaphor for Forestry in 1990', Journal of Forestry 88(11), pp32-38.
Looks at conflict between ways to manage forestry, not conflict between forestry and other uses.
Smith, B. (1981). 'Rural Change and Forestry', People and Planning, 20, pp l0-13
This article examines social change in rural communities, and uses forestry as a case study. It provides a broad overview of the social changes that occur in rural communities. Most of the article is geared towards planning.
Smith, B. (1981). 'Forestry and Rural Social Change in New Zealand', Town Planning Quarterly, 63, pp27-29.
Smith's article reviews that literature in the 1970s which studied the impact of both general development activities and forestry development on rural communities. Development is recognised as having both positive and negative effects on rural communities.
The impact of forestry on rural communities is identified in the literature as having both economic and social effects. However, Smith highlights the disagreement between authors over the extent to which these impacts occur. He concludes that the impact of forestry on rural communities is dependent upon the individual cultural, physical and economic characteristics in each community. Smith also believes that these disagreements mask the underlying conflict, which emerge from a concern for the quality of life in rural communities.
Smith suggests more research is required clarifying the economic and social impacts of forestry development, especially on existing communities. Further research is also needed into the impact of forestry development on the social infrastructure and values of rural communities.
This article is a well-written concise review of the forestry impact literature of the 197Os. It is a useful reference article because it presents the extent of knowledge that existed in New Zealand in 1980, and also highlighted the areas of research that needed to be investigated. It will be of great interest to see whether of not Smith's recommendations for further research have been taken up in the 1980s.
Smith, 8. (1981). 'Forestry and Rural Social Change: a Comment', New Zealand Journal of Forestry' 26(1), pp l03-107.
Examines the social effect of development in rural regions under three headings; quality of rural life, employment and income opportunities, and local decision making.
Smith, B. and Makin, K. (1982). 'Forestry and Community', New Zealand Journal of Forestry, 27(1), pp122-129.
Based on workshop at 1981 Foresters Conference. Outlines the participants perceptions on the effect of forestry development of rural communities. Comment by Smith and Makin on the findings. Some impacts included on Forestry towns and a good overview of all the impacts, both negative and positive on rural communities.
Smith, B. and Wilson, P. (1982). 'Attitudes to Growth and Development in New Zealand's Far North', New Zealand Journal of Forestry, 27(1), pp 101-121.
Includes in depth cast study of opinions of residents in Maugonui County there was more support for State forestry and for private forestry.
Storey, W.R. (1981). 'Forestry Development-The Farmers View', People and Planning, 20. pp 5-6.
This article outlines the views of Federated farmers on the outcomes of the 1981 New Zealand Forestry Conference. They recognise that the expansionist mood of the forestry industry since the 1960s has lead to conflict between farmers and forestry developers. They believe that the Forestry expansion targets presented in 1981 will lead to further conflict, given that to achieve them, forestry would have to expand onto good agricultural land in some regions. Federated Farmers is willing to coexist with Forestry as long as forestry is developed on steep scrub country. However, they will resist attempts to develop forestry on prime agricultural land. It does provide a useful overview of the stance and attitude of Federated Farmers in the early 1980s.
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